Review on key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels
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摘要: 梳理了当今世界上现有氢燃料动力船舶类型，总结了氢燃料动力船舶的特点，分析了氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术的研究现状，包括：标准规范、动力源、氢制取、氢储存与氢安全；结合船舶的航行环境、结构与运行工况等，提出了氢燃料电池动力船舶各关键技术所面临的挑战，以及应对挑战的措施建议。研究结果表明：目前，全球氢燃料动力船舶数量有限，多为内河湖泊小型客船，以氢燃料电池为主要动力来源，主要采用35 MPa高压气瓶存储氢燃料；氢燃料电池动力船舶的相关标准规范仍处于制定阶段，可参照氢燃料电池汽车建造、测试和使用方面的标准规范要求；氢燃料电池主要以质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)应用最为广泛，催化剂、双极板、膜电极以及密封材料等均对PEMFC性能具有重要影响；为提高燃料电池对船舶的适用性，建议发展大功率燃料电池模块，并开展燃料电池在湿热、盐雾、倾斜、摇摆状态下的环境适应性研究；中国的制氢产业目前仍以煤炭制氢为主，应大力发展可再生能源制氢。短期内，高压气态储氢是最可行的船上储氢方式，应研究轻质、耐压、高储氢密度的新型储罐，提高储氢密度和安全性；为保证氢燃料电池动力船舶安全性，应综合运用定性和定量风险分析方法，明确风险场景，对氢泄漏、扩散、燃烧与爆炸的发展规律与后果进行仿真分析与风险评估，并提出风险缓解措施。Abstract: Existing hydrogen fuel powered vessel types in the world were listed, and their characteristics were summarized. The research progress in the key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels was analyzed in terms of standard specifications, power source, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen safety. According to the navigation environment, structure, and operating condition of vessel, the challenges in the key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels and the measures to deal with these challenges were proposed. Analysis results show that at present, the number of hydrogen fuel powered vessels in the world is limited. Most of them are small passenger vessels in inland rivers and lakes and are fueled mainly by hydrogen cells. The hydrogen is mostly stored in gas cylinders with high pressure of 35 MPa. The relevant standard specifications for hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels are still being formulated, and the standards and specifications for the building, testing, and application of vehicles fueled by hydrogen cells can be taken as references. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most widely used hydrogen fuel cells. Catalyst, bipolar plate, membrane electrode, and sealing material all have important impacts on the performance of PEMFC. In order to increase the applicability of hydrogen fuel cells for vessels, it is suggested to develop high-power fuel cell modules, and the environmental suitability of fuel cells should be studied under the conditions of humidity, heat, salt spray, tilt, and swing. Currently, hydrogen production industries in China still focus on hydrogen production by coals, and it is necessary to produce hydrogen with renewable energy. In short term, compressed hydrogen is the most feasible way for hydrogen storage on board. Light and pressure-resistant storage tanks with high storage density should be developed to improve hydrogen storage density and safety. Furthermore, in order to ensure the safety of vehicles fueled by hydrogen cells, qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods should be comprehensively utilized to identify risky scenarios, analyze the laws of development and consequence of leakage, diffusion, combustion and explosion of hydrogen by simulation, evaluate the risks, and propose risk mitigation measures.
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图 7 氢燃料电池动力船舶风险分析流程
Figure 7. Risk analysis process of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels
编号 船名 参与机构 时间 动力系统 船舶基本信息 1 蠡湖号 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所、大连海事大学 2021 70 kW氢燃料电池电堆和86 kW·h的锂电池组成混合动力 中国第一艘燃料电池游艇，长13.9 m，设计航速18 km·h-1，续航189 km，载客10人 2 Energy Observer 丰田、Corvus Energy 2020 由太阳能光伏、风能和燃料电池构成混合动力系统，船上载有126 kW的氢燃料电池，168 m2的太阳能电池板 船长30.5 m，宽12.8 m, 总质量28 t，航速11 kn 3 Hydroville Compagnie Maritime Belge(CMB) 2017 2台441 kW柴油/氢双燃料内燃机提供动力，船上包括12个205 L的储氢罐(20 MPa)和2个265 L的燃油箱 船长14.0 m，船宽4.2 m，吃水0.65 m，最大航速27 kn，平均航速22 kn，总载重吨14 t 4 Nemo H2 Rederij Lovers 2012 动力系统包括2组30 kW的PEMFC和1组蓄电池，输出功率70 kW，采用35 MPa的高压储氢方式，储氢量24 kg 客船长21.9 m，宽4.2 m 5 Hornblower Hybrid Hornblower 2012 动力系统包括32 kW的PEMFC，2台5 kW的风力发电机，20 kW的太阳能光伏列阵，与柴油发电机一起为船舶提供混合动力 船长约44.0 m，载客600人 6 Hydrogenesis Bristol Bost Trips 2012 4组燃料电池提供12 kW的动力，氢气储存在350 bar的储罐中，燃料电池充电时间为10 min 船长11.0 m，宽3.6 m，载客14人(含船员2人)，航速6~10 kn 7 MS Forester Thyssen Krupp Marine Systems、DNV等 第1阶段：2009~2017；第2阶段：2017~2022 安装了100 kW的SOFC燃料电池系统作为辅助动力，SOFC燃料电池可采用氢气、甲醇等作为燃料 船长92.5 m，宽17.0 m 8 MS Mariella Meyer Werft、DNV等 第1阶段：2009~2017；第2阶段：2017~2022 安装了2×30 kW的模块化HTPEM燃料电池作为辅助动力，HTPEM燃料电池可采用氢气、甲醇等作为燃料 船长177.0 m，宽28.0 m，载客2 500人 9 Alsterwasser Proton Motors、GL、Alster Touristik等 2006~2013 配备2×50 kW PEMFC燃料电池和120 Ah胶体铅酸电池，采用35 MPa的压缩氢气，储氢量24 kg 船长25.5 m，宽5.4 m, 吃水1.33 m, 最大航速8 kn，载客超过100人 10 Viking Lady Wallenius Maritime、Wärtsilä、DNV 2003~2010 安装了320 kW的熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell，MCFC) 系统作为辅助动力系统，MCFC燃料电池可采用氢气、甲醇等作为燃料 船长92.0 m，宽21.0 m, 总载重吨6 100 t，载客25人，可容纳993 m3的淡水和167 m3的甲醇 11 Ms Weltfrieden Lioyd 2000 为旅游车改装，安装了10 kW动力的PEMFC推进装置，采用两个金属氢化物储氢装置，共容纳54立方氢气 
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表 2 部分与氢燃料电池动力相关的标准
Table 2. Part of standards related to hydrogen fuel cell power
编号 标准名称 起草组织 标准简介 1 Guide for Fuel Cell Power Systems for Marine and Offshore Applications 美国船级社(American Bureau of Shipping, ABS) 为船用燃料电池的设计、评估和辅助支撑系统的建立提供指导参考，并明确了可采用燃料电池的船舶类型 2 Handbook for Hydrogen-Fuelled Vessels 挪威船级社(Det Norske Veritas, DNV) 确定了航运业的氢安全路线图，对如何进行氢燃料电池动力船舶的安全和监管提供指导 3 Fuel Cell Technologies—Part2: Fuel Cell Modules (IEC 62282-2: 2012) 国际电工委员会(International Electro Technical Commission, IEC) 规定了燃料电池模块应用过程中，保证其安全性和电池性能的最基本要求，明确了燃料电池对人或外界产生危害时的处理方法 4 《质子交换膜燃料电池发电系统低温特性测试方法》(GB/T 33979—2017) 全国燃料电池及液流电池标准化技术委员会 规定了低温(零度以下)条件，质子交换膜燃料电池发电系统的通用安全要求、试验要求、试验平台、低温试验前的例行试验及低温试验方法和试验报告等 5 《质子交换膜燃料电池供氢系统技术要求》(GB/T 34872—2017) 全国燃料电池及液流电池标准化技术委员会 规定了质子交换膜燃料电池供氢系统的系统分类、技术要求、试验方法、标识、包装及运输 6 《氢气储存输送系统第1部分：通用要求》(GB/T 34542.1—2017) 全国氢能标准化技术委员会 提出了对氢气储存系统、氢气输送系统、氢气压缩系统、氢气充装系统的技术要求以及防火防爆技术要求 7 《氢系统安全的基本要求》 (GB/T 29729—2013) 全国氢能标准化技术委员会 规定了氢系统的危险因素及其风险控制的基本要求，适用于氢的制取，储存和输送系统的设计和使用 8 Basic Considerations for the Safety of Hydrogen Systems(ISO/TR 15916: 2015) 国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO) 规定了氢气和液氢的使用和储存，明确了氢气、液氢使用中的安全事项、存在的风险等 9 《氢气使用安全技术规程》 (GB 4962—2008) 全国安全生产标准化技术委员会、化学品安全标准化分技术委员会 规定了气态氢在使用、置换、储存、压缩与充(灌)装、排放过程及消防与紧急情况处理、安全防护方面的技术要求 10 《移动式加氢设施安全技术规范》 (GB/T 31139—2014) 全国氢能标准化技术委员会 规定了移动式加氢设施的安全技术要求、运行安全管理、运输和长期停放的要求，适用于加注压力在15~70 MPa的移动式加氢设施
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类型 AFC PEMFC HT-PEMFC PAFC DMFC MCFC SOFC 电极 阳极 Pt/Ag Pt/C Pt/C Pt/C Pt/C Li/NiO Sr/LaMnO3 阴极 Pt/Ni Pt/C Pt/C Pt/C Pt-Ru/C Ni/Al、Ni/Cr Ni/YSZ 电解质 氢氧化钾 水性聚合物膜 无机酸基聚合物膜 磷酸 水性聚合物膜 熔融碳酸盐 多孔陶瓷材料 燃料 氢气 氢气 氢气 氢气、液化天然气、甲醇 甲醇 氢气、甲醇、碳氢化合物 氢气、甲醇、碳氢化合物 工作温度/℃ 60~200 65~85 160~220 140~200 75~120 650~700 500~1 000 功率容量/kW ≤500 ≤120 100~400 ≤5 120~10 000 ≤107 电效率/% 50~60 50~60 50~60 40~55 20~30 50~55 50~60 价格 低 低 中等 中等 中等 高 高 寿命 中等 中等 中等 优良 中等 优良 中等 尺寸 小 小 小 大 小 大 中等
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制氢技术 AWE PEM SOE 电解质隔膜 30%KOH石棉膜 质子交换膜 固体氧化物(Y2O3/ZrO2) 催化剂 Pt、Ni、Co、Mn 阳极：RuO2、IrO2；阴极：Pt、Pt/C Ni-YSZ 电流密度/(A·cm-2) < 0.8 1~4 0.2~0.4 能源效率/% 60~75 70~90 85~100 能耗/(kW·h·m-3) 4.5~5.5 4.0~5.0 2.6~3.6 工作温度/℃ ≤90 ≤80 ≥800 启停速度 较快 快 慢 电能质量需求 稳定电源 稳定或波动电源 稳定电源 系统运维 有强碱腐蚀性液体，后期运维复杂成本高 无腐蚀性液体，运维简单成本低 以技术研究为主，尚无运维需求 技术成熟度 充分产业化 初步商业化 初期示范
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储氢方式 高压气态储氢 低温液化储氢 有机液体储氢 金属合金储氢 储氢材料 耐高压容器 耐超低温且保持超低温的特殊容器 甲基环己烷、二苄基甲苯等 金属氢化物、络合氢化物等 体积比容量 小 大 大 大 操作性 简单 难 难 简单 安全性 较差，存在泄露、爆炸安全隐患 较差 安全 安全 运输便利性 方便 较方便 十分方便 十分方便 技术成熟度 成熟 不够成熟 不够成熟 比较成熟 应用范围 最广泛 仅航天航空 技术攻关阶段 技术攻关阶段
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